① Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Feem ntau cov chlorides yog soluble hauv dej. Cov hlau nyob ua ntej hydrogen hauv electrochemical series- nrog rau feem ntau cov hlau oxides thiab carbonates - yog soluble hauv hydrochloric acid. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj chloride ion (Cl⁻) nthuav tawm qee yam kev txo qis thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov ions nyuaj nrog ntau cov hlau ions, yog li ua kom yooj yim rau kev tawg ntawm cov qauv. Nws yog feem ntau siv los yaj cov qauv xws li hematite (Fe₂O₃), stibnite (Sb₂S₃), carbonates, thiab pyrolusite (MnO₂).
② Nitric Acid (HNO₃)
Cov kua qaub no muaj zog oxidizing zog, thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov nitrates yog soluble hauv dej. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm platinum, kub, thiab qee yam hlau tsis tshua muaj, concentrated nitric acid muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj tag nrho cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys. Cov hlau xws li hlau, txhuas, thiab chromium raug passivation thaum raug nitric acid; Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev ntxiv ib qho uas tsis yog -oxidizing acid- xws li hydrochloric acid- thaum lub sij hawm kev sib cais kom tshem tawm cov oxide zaj duab xis, cov hlau no tuaj yeem yaj tau zoo. Yuav luag tag nrho cov sulfides kuj yog soluble hauv nitric acid; Txawm li cas los xij, hydrochloric acid yuav tsum tau ntxiv ua ntej kom cov sulfur volatilize nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm H₂S, yog li tiv thaiv elemental sulfur los ntawm encapsulating tus qauv thiab cuam tshuam nws decomposition. Tsis tas li ntawd, nitric acid tsis ruaj khov heev; Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm cua sov los yog raug rau lub teeb, nws yuav decompose rau hauv dej, nitrogen dioxide, thiab oxygen. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov siab dua qhov concentration ntawm nitric acid, nws yooj yim dua decomposition. Vim nws muaj zog oxidizing xwm, nitric acid reacts nrog ntau yam hlau, tsis yog -hlau, thiab txo cov tshuaj; Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub xeev oxidation ntawm nitrogen txo qis, tawm los ntawm nitrogen dioxide lossis nitric oxide (ntse nitric acid reacts nrog hlau, tsis yog{10}}hlau, thiab lwm yam., los tsim nitrogen dioxide, whereas dilute nitric acid ua nitric oxide). Tsis tas li ntawd, nitric acid reacts nrog cov proteins, ua rau lawv tig daj.
③ Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄)
Nrog rau kev zam ntawm calcium, strontium, barium, thiab txhuas, sulfates ntawm tag nrho lwm cov hlau yog soluble hauv dej. Kub, concentrated sulfuric acid muaj zog oxidizing thiab dehydrating zog; Nws yog nquag siv los yaj cov hlau xws li hlau, cobalt, thiab npib tsib xee, nrog rau cov hlau alloys uas muaj txhuas, beryllium, antimony, manganese, thorium, uranium, thiab titanium. Nws kuj yog feem ntau ua hauj lwm los decompose organic teeb meem pom nyob rau hauv cov qauv xws li av. Sulfuric acid muaj qhov kub siab heev (338 degree); yog li ntawd, thaum cov anions ntawm qis dua -boiling-point acids-xws li nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, los yog hydrofluoric acid- cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim siab, sulfuric acid feem ntau ntxiv, thiab cov tshuaj yog evaporated kom txog thaum cov pa taws dawb (SO₃) cuam tshuam rau kev txiav txim siab.
④ Selenic Acid (H₂SeO₄)
Molecular Luj: 144.9. Ib tug dawb, hexagonal - prismatic crystalline khoom uas yog hygroscopic heev. Melting Point (degree): 58; Boiling Point (degree): 260 (decomposes). Relative Density: 2.95 × 10³ kg/m³. Nws yog heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej, insoluble nyob rau hauv aqueous ammonia, thiab soluble nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid. Nws tsis yog-flammable tab sis muaj zog corrosive thiab irritant zog, muaj peev xwm ua rau hlawv rau tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws pom muaj zog oxidizing zog thiab muaj zog acidity (ob qho tib si muaj zog dua li cov sulfuric acid). Nws cov ntsiab lus aqueous yog corrosive thiab khaus khaus heev.
⑤ Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄)
Cov phosphate anion muaj peev xwm sib koom ua ke muaj zog heev; Yog li ntawd, ze li ntawm 90% ntawm tag nrho cov ores yuav yaj nyob rau hauv phosphoric acid. Qhov no suav nrog ntau cov ores uas tsis muaj kuab lom nyob rau hauv lwm cov kua qaub- xws li chromite, ilmenite, columbite-tantalite, thiab rutile- thiab nws kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev yaj cov alloys uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau, chromium, thiab tungsten. Thaum siv phosphoric acid ua ib qho hnyav, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yuav tsum tau tswj nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm 500-600℃thiab lub sijhawm tsis pub tshaj 5 feeb. Yog tias qhov kub thiab txias ntau dhau los yog lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntev ntev, cov pyrophosphates insoluble tuaj yeem tawm los, lossis polysilicophosphates tuaj yeem tsim thiab ua raws hauv qab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob; ib txhij, cov txheej txheem no kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov iav iav. Pure phosphoric acid muaj xws li cov xim tsis muaj kob nrog lub melting point ntawm 42.3 degree; nws yog ib tug siab -boiling{13}}point acid uas yog yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv dej. Phosphoric acid yog ib qho triprotic, muaj zog acid uas ua rau ionization hauv peb kauj ruam; Nws tsis yog volatile los yog nquag decomposition, thiab nws pom zoo tsis muaj oxidizing zog.
⑥ Perchloric Acid (HClO₄)
Kub, concentrated perchloric acid muaj zog heev oxidizing zog, ua rau nws sai yaj hlau thiab ntau yam txhuas alloys. Nws yog lub zog tshaj inorganic acid paub. Nws muaj peev xwm ntawm oxidizing cov ntsiab lus xws li Cr, V, thiab S rau lawv cov oxidation siab tshaj plaws. Lub boiling point ntawm perchloric acid yog 203 degree; Thaum evaporated mus rau qhov taw tes ntawm fuming, nws zoo tsav tawm qis dua -boiling- taw tes acids, tawm hauv qab ib qho residue uas yooj yim soluble hauv dej. Perchloric acid kuj nquag ua haujlwm ua tus neeg ua haujlwm lub cev qhuav dej hauv kev ntsuas gravimetric rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm SiO₂. Thaum tuav HClO₄, kev sib cuag nrog cov organic tshuaj yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis zam kom tsis txhob muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg.
⑦ Hydrofluoric Acid (HF)
Hydrofluoric acid yog cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj zog heev (txawm li cas los xij, kev sib xyaw ntawm hydrofluoric acid thiab antimony pentafluoride-paub tias yog fluoroantimonic acid- yog cov kua qaub uas muaj zog heev, 2 × 10¹⁹ lub sij hawm muaj zog dua li ntshiab sulfuric acid). Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj fluoride ion (F⁻) muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm zoo; Nws tuaj yeem tsim cov ions nyuaj nrog ions xws li Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ti(IV), Zr(IV), W(V), Nb(V), Ta(V), thiab U(VI), yog li ua rau lawv soluble hauv dej. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov silicon tsim SiF₄, uas tom qab ntawd khiav tawm los ua cov pa roj. Nws muaj peev xwm ntawm corroding iav.
⑧ Hydrobromic Acid (HBr)
Cov kua uas tsis muaj xim lossis daj daj daj uas fumes me ntsis. Molecular hnyav: 80.92; txheeb ze roj ntom ntom (vs. huab cua=1): 3.5; txheeb ze kua ntom ntom: 2.77 (ntawm -67 degree); txheeb ze ntom ntom ntawm 47% aqueous HBr tov: 1.49. Melting point: -88.5 degree; Kub taw tes: -67.0 degree. Nws yog yooj yim soluble hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic xws li chlorobenzene thiab diethoxymethane. Nws yog miscible nrog dej, cawv, thiab acetic acid. Thaum raug huab cua thiab tshav ntuj, nws maj mam darkens nyob rau hauv cov xim vim liberation ntawm dawb bromine. Nws yog ib tug muaj zog acid thiab muaj ib tug pungent tsw zoo ib yam li cov hydrochloric acid. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm cov hlau xws li platinum, kub, thiab tantalum, nws corrodes tag nrho lwm yam hlau, tsim cov hlau bromides. Nws kuj tseem muaj zog txo cov khoom thiab tuaj yeem oxidized rau bromine los ntawm atmospheric oxygen los yog lwm yam oxidizing agents.
⑨ Hydroiodic Acid (HI)
Nws reacts hnyav nrog cov khoom xws li fluorine, nitric acid, thiab potassium chlorate. Kev sib cuag nrog cov hlau alkali tuaj yeem ua rau tawg. Cua sov cov khoom tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj lom iodine vapors. Thaum sib cuag nrog dej los yog dej vapor, nws dhau los ua corrosive heev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
⑩ Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN)
Lub npe tshuaj (Suav): Qinghuaqing (Hydrogen Cyanide) / Qingcuansuan (Hydrocyanic Acid{0}}aqueous tov);
Lub npe tshuaj (Lus Askiv): Hydrogen Cyanide.
Technical Data Sheet:
- npe: 826
- CAS Nr .: 74-90-8
- Molecular Formula: HCN
- Molecular Structure: Cov pa roj carbon atom tsim cov ntawv cog lus siv sp-hybridized orbitals; muaj cov pa roj carbon-nitrogen triple daim ntawv cog lus, ua rau cov molecule ib tug polar molecule.
- Molecular Luj: 27.03
